International Market Entry and Development Essay - 6

International Market Entry and Development - Essay Example ct researches globally to recognize the global and regional segments of the market and to observe chance for incorporating and better synchronizing the strategies across the national borders. In addition to this speedy collection of information and formulation of results from geographically concentrated sources become very important to predict change in the market and develop a more detailed and useful response strategies (Carman, J. M, 1980). Technological advances both facilitate as well as cause more difficulties in gathering data on global basis. The advances and continuously increasing technological complexities allows the collection of data on a broader geographical scale. Yet the flip side of this advances should never be ignored. To cater the research needs of today’s world, one must examine the changes under which they have gone through in the last four decades. In the early 60s and 70s U.S firms decided to shift to the international markets from the domestic markets. Japan and Europe also expanded from the domestic markets to the international markets to widen their geographical range and to act in response of the foreign competitions that was entering their domestic markets. Initially firms were interested more in gathering information to discover and judge the market opportunities of the other countries to assess which markets should be targeted, how to do the positioning of the products and how much to adapt the marketing mix to the local markets (Carman, J. M, 1980) The changes in the global market along with the technological changes in the collection of data, its analysis and its distribution entail that the researches should broaden their spectrum to plan, implement and to execute the research in this competitive world. Researchers need to align their skills and capabilities in order to carry and plan the researches in this competitive world (Carman, J. M, 1980) The growth of retailers globally also assist marketing research. As their chains

The Tell Tale Heart by Edgar Allen Poe and Confessions found In a Prison by Charles Dicken Essay Example for Free

The Tell Tale Heart by Edgar Allen Poe and Confessions found In a Prison by Charles Dicken Essay My essay will consist of the themes of the two short stories and background information on the authors who were living at the Victorian time, now seen as classical writers. Edgar Allen Poe was born January 19th 1809 in Boston. He was an American short story writer, poet, critic, and editor. He is famous in all of these traits for his cultivation of mystery and macabre writing. The atmosphere is his tales of horror is unrivalled in American fiction. After his mother died in Richmond, in 1811, he was taken into the home of John Allan, a Richmond merchant (presumably his godfather), and his childless wife. He was later taken to Scotland and England (1815-20), where he was given a classical education that was continued in Richmond. His gambling losses at the university incensed his guardian that he refused to let him continue, and Poe returned to Richmond to find his sweetheart, (Sarah) Elmira Royster, engaged. Poe made a name as a critical reviewer and married his young cousin Virginia Clemm, who was only 13. Poe seems to have been an affectionate husband and son-in-law. Poe was dismissed from his job in Richmond, apparently for drinking, and went to New York City. Drinking was in fact to be the bane of his life. To talk well in large company he needed a slight stimulant, but a glass of sherry might start him on a spree; and, although he rarely succumbed to intoxication, he was often seen in public when he did. This gave rise to the conjecture that he was a drug addict, but according to medical testimony he had a brain lesion. His wife Virginia died in 1847. Charles Dickens is generally considered as one of the greatest writers of the Victorian Era. His work is characterised by attacks on the social evils, injustices and hypocrisy. In his early teen years he was forced to end school and work in the factory. Dickens characters such as Scrooge, David Copperfield and Mr Pickwick have fascinated generations of readers. The author was born in Hampshire during the industrial age his father was a well-paid clerk but often ended up in financial problems. Dickens wrote for several newspapers. In 1836 he married Catherine Hogart. They had 10 children. Both short stories contain the theme of GOTHIC LITERATURE. The Goths were said, by history, to be barbarians who destroyed the classical Roman civilisation and plunged the civilised world into the centuries of ignorance called the Dark Ages. Hence the word Goth originally came from the name of the German tribe at odds with the Roman Empire, later a generic term for all German tribes- came to stand for Barbarous; and later, what was said to be barbarous, came to be known as gothic. The term gothic also came to represent the medieval culture of the long years of the Dark Ages. In Edgar Allan Poes story The Tell Tale Heart, the narrator cannot see that she/he is crazy and rather maniacally tries to convince that she/he is not. You fancy me mad. Madmen know nothing. You should have seen me. You should have seen how wisely I proceeded. He gleefully recounts the skilled way he kills an old man and buries him under the floorboards. When two policemen came to the residence to investigate, the narrator believes that he can hear the old mans heart still beating, and it drives the narrator to confess the crime: Villains! (Narrator shrieked), dissemble no more! -Here, here! It is the beating of the hideous heart. Both authors have one obvious thing in common they are both male writers. They were very popular in their short story writing and became very famous. The two stories have the narrator as the insane murderers. Those killers talk in great detail about why, how, when and where they committed their evil actions. In both stories the victims were vulnerable. A young child was atrociously killed in Confessions found In a Prison and a powerless old man was killed fiercely in The Tell Tale Heart. Both victims were vulnerable because of their age. The murder plots were both designed intelligently methodically thought out what was being undertaken in days or weeks before the episode occurred. Both authors added a great twist in the end and left the readers stunned. The police officers in The Tell Tale Heart were shocked by the killers confession while viewing where the body was hidden; he was revealing his madness in a dramatic breakdown. The army officers in Confessions in a Prison found out where the decaying body of the child lay simply by observing the unknown crime scene. Last of all, both murderers confessed to their compulsive, inhumane actions and paid for taking the life of an innocent person. The killers in both stories believably insane in the way they had the most ridiculous reasons to take another human life but they still had killers motives. There are many differences that make the both stories unique, such as the murderers Motives to kill. In The Tell Tale Heart the killer was haunted by the evil eye of vulture, although he still liked the man he had to get rid of the eye. In Confessions Found In a Prison the motives were all about greed because the killers wife loved his nephew as her own child and was haunted by the childs face and eyes, which reminded him of his mother, who he believed didnt like him very much. The two victims who were killed had a major contrast in age, old verses young. I think I felt more sympathy for the child being killed rather than the old man because the young child had his whole life ahead to see and experience the world, compared to the old man who had already lived his life. I also think the killing of a child was more horrific in the Confessions found In a Prison compared to the aged man in The Tell Tale Heart. The helpless young child was innocent, little and fragile who even attempted to escape outside in the garden by himself. The poor child didnt have the best of childhood. Both his parents had died, and he had been put into the care of his uncle. The murder in The Tell Tale Heart was left unidentified as to whether it was a male or a female. There were no clues or hints referring to his or her sex, which gives the story more suspense and more mystery. As a reader I felt the narrator could only have been a man due to the horrific style of the murder. I understand that these extreme actions could have been committed by a woman, but I believe it is more likely to be a man. The assassin in the story Confession found In a Prison had a blood relationship with his victim. The killer was an uncle of the child who was his BLOOD nephew. The murderer in the story of the The Tell Tale Heart was a neighbour to the old man who we didnt really know anything about. The Tell Tale Heart takes place in the region of 7-8 days mainly during the hours of darkness at the residence of the old man. The motives of the two murderers were different and similar in particular ways. In The Tell Tale Heart the assassin was disturbed by the evil eyes of the old man that was an image of a vulture. In Confessions found In a Prison the murderer was greedy and jealous because his wife seemed to love his nephew as her own child, the memory of his brothers wifes eyes lived in the little boys eye in particular, which he inherited. I think there is a lot of evidence as to why the murderer was completely mad in The Tell Tale Heart The narrator was simply trying so hard to convince the reader that he/she was not mad, for example but why will you say that I am mad or the line would a mad man have been so wise as this? this clearly shows that the narrator is trying to convince the reader of his sanity. The repetitiveness and the use of phrases of how a mad man should be keeps relating to themes of madness. The narrator also uses speech, involving the readers by asking questions, e.g. Would a mad man have been so wise as this? The killer says in the first paragraph that he/she loved the old man. The killer didnt have any grudges against him, and he had never wronged the narrator. The only thing that came in the way of all of these opinions was that the narrator was haunted by the old mans eye. Such stupid, mad and negative thoughts took the life of an innocent man. The killer in Confessions Found In a Prison was a blood relative of the victim, the uncle of the child. The killer didnt really think twice about his relationship towards the boy and about the deep, deep consequences. Both murderers had plainly confessed to their repulsive deeds at the end of the short stories. Both confessed dramatically. Both murderers sat on top of their victims lifeless corpses just before they were found out. In The Tell Tale Heart the narrator was sitting on top of the floorboards just above where the body had been placed. In Confessions found in a Prison the murderer sat outside in his own garden with his own officers sitting on the soil that his nephew lay beneath. Both killers ended at the site of the manic crimes. In Confessions Found In A Prison when the narrator did not move his chair or himself, the army officers guessed that he was hiding something. Both narrators have probably flashes in their mind of what they did and what their consequences were going to be if they got caught for murdering an innocent and helpless. For example in Confessions Found In A Prison although the narrator his all the evidence and covered up the crime scene, he lived in fear of being found out that he killed his own nephew. He suffers terrible nightmares and needs to keep a constant watch over his nephews early grave. Both authors are sending significant messages in their short stories, who ever takes a wrong turning life or has done something very wrong against the law will be caught and punished to pay in debt for their crime. If you murder, later your actions turn into regrets and pure nightmares, it drives you insane because you cant simply cope with a guilty conscious. The authors try to convey to their readers that by taking a life of a human, the punishment given to the killer will never be enough to pay for the death of an innocent person who will never get another chance to live in this world. I believe the authors are disapproving of MURDER, in the way they ended their short stories with both killers getting caught and arrested for operating a murder offence. Edgar Allen Poe uses noise to create atmosphere in the short story and to build up suspense, for example, the hinges creaked. The reader instantly wants to discover who is behind the door. This creates more suspense and mystery with the intension of making the readers more engaged, and wanting to read further, and it leaves the reader clinging to the edge of their seats. The Tell Tale Heart is very quiet, calm and peaceful, until the twist at the end of the story, when death was inflicted upon the victim. A silence is always followed by action; again the reader is kept entertained, interested and literally addicted to the suspense and the build up of the tension. Edgar Allan Poe also mentions time in The Tell Tale Heart. It helps many writers in building suspense and creating atmosphere based of the theme of the story. Time makes the story more interesting and gives a sense of repetition if certain words involving time are used atmosphere, suspense and tension are built. For example, For the whole hour I didnt move a muscle this portrays how slowly the time passed. For a minute, the heart went on with a muffled sound. The writer here engages his readers by making TIME a way of creating more atmosphere and tension the short story. Out of the two murderers I really do not think either of them deserved any sympathy, seeing as their reasons for murder were both so meaningless. I feel a tiny bit of pity for the murderer in Confessions found in a Prison because he had had the hatred growing inside him for a long time, waiting to explode. From an early age he seemed to resent his brother and this hatred was later transferred to his innocent nephew. The killer in Confessions found in a Prison wasnt completely mad at the beginning of the story, but became so when the nephew took a role as part of his everyday life, his madness simply stretched from the point when the child was put under his care, the memory of the childs parents was there to remind him everyday of his past hatred and jealousy. The murderer in The Tell Tale Heart didnt appear to have a particular link with the victim, as we know it. The victim did him no wrong. I believe the narrator was mad, and beyond any sense of logical thought. I think he was in need of great medical help from the beginning of the story. I favoured The Tell Tale Heart by Edgar Allan Poe rather than the short story Confessions found in a Prison by Charles Dickens, even though both stories stunned me completely. The author Edgar Allan Poe writes in such anger and irritation about the evil eye, which was compared to a vultures eye. The account of the heart of the old man drumming in the killers mind, driving him to breakdown, gives the reader a shaky feeling while imagining the event. I think the repetition of words helped build up the suspense and tension, this also guides the reader to read further into the passage. The word mad appears in The Tell Tale Heart many times referring to the narrators insanity, this implies to the reader that the narrator is crazy, as he/she brings up this subject on many occasions and obsessively denying their own accusations, e.g. I am not mad. There are many short sentences, usually a device to build up atmosphere and suspense. Edgar Allan Poe writes in such detail about each topic, for example the Evil Eye, we as readers could feel the hate growing inside the narrator, which became very realistic. The twist at the end of this story fascinated me, and gave effectiveness to the whole story. It was intelligently written. The ending wasnt obvious, and kept you guessing to the very end. I didnt expect the killer in The Tell Tale Heart to rip up the floor boards because of all of the hard work and preparation that the killer went through to cover up the crime scene. I took a great interest In the way the narrator was portrayed at the end, when the police inspectors arrived. The killer put on an innocent and relaxed facial expression, just in-case suspicion occurred with the officers. His or her voice tones were transformed into calm, relaxing tones, and the body language is conveyed greatly by the description from the author. The body language was altered depending on the situation to avoid suspicion. The reaction at the end was unexpected, but I could sense a twist building up in the writing. The coincidental visit from the police, and the dramatic confession of the killer was very amusing for me to read. In conclusion, Although I believe that neither of the murderers deserve sympathy, I feel remote pity for both murderers, in the fact that they were mentally unstable, and the knowledge of their crime tore at them until it drove them to confess all. I believe that this does equate for a slight sympathetic vote to go to the killer who showed the most emotion, and regret. I therefore would say I felt the most sympathy for the killer in The Tell Tale Heart.

A Case Study Of Anita Brown Nursing Essay

A Case Study Of Anita Brown Nursing Essay During the last 15 years there has been a substantial rise in the number of newly diagnosed patients with acute kidney injury especially whilst an inpatient Yaklin, 2011. This is despite every effort to prevent AKI in clinical practice (Venkataraman, 2008). Anita Brown is one such patient, having been diagnosed with AKI following routine surgery. AKI occurring after surgery is associated with a significant increase in patient morbidity and mortality (Chertow, Levy, Hammermeister, Grover, Daley, 1998; Praught Shlipak, 2005). Here I will discuss the nursing management of Anita Brown over a 48 hours period. I will start by exploring the pathophysiology of AKI and identifying the type of injury Anita has sustained. Thereafter, in order to formulate an optimised, tailored 48-hour care plan, I will describe two different but complimentary assessment methods to identify Anitas priorities of care, namely the ABCDE framework (Resuscitation Council, 2010) and the Roper, Logan and Tierney (1980) model of nursing. The nursing interventions subsequently proposed will be justified in relation to Anitas pathophysiology and will be supported by professional literature. Finally, the findings will be incorporated into a 48-hour care plan based on six of Roper et al.s activities of living (ALs) and a brief conclusion presented. Background Anita Brown is a 45-year old woman who has been diagnosed with AKI as a result of severe dehydration, following insufficient fluid administration during/after her cholecystectomy operation. Anita has been experiencing intractable vomiting despite receiving nil by mouth. She is borderline hypotensive, tachycardic and tacypnoeic and has been oliguric for 6 hours. Current management includes fluid replacement. Anitas pain is being controlled by a patient controlled analgesia (PCA) pump of morphine. Pathophysiology of Acute Renal Injury AKI is an extremely complicated disorder (Martini, Nath Bartholomew, 2011). The definition of AKI is a decline in the functions performed by the kidneys resulting in increased levels of serum creatinine and urea detectable in the blood (Dirkes, 2011). Indeed, the condition is most easily recognised by a rise in serum creatinine plus a decreasing urine volume, however, these symptoms are also accompanied by other physiological changes, as will be seen later (Guidelines and Audit Implementation Network [GAIN], 2010). There are three general categories of AKI (relative prevalence shown in parentheses): pre-renal (~55%), intrinsic (~30%) and post-renal (~15%) (Marieb, 2010). Pre-renal kidney injury is the most common form and is generally reversible when renal perfusion pressure is swiftly restored. It has a number of causes, the most common being intravascular volume depletion (haemorrhage, dehydration, burns, gastrointestinal losses) or decreased cardiac output (myocardial infarction or cardiac arrhythmias) (Cheung, Ponnusamy, Anderton, 2008), all leading to hypo-perfusion within the kidneys (Gotfried, Wiesen, Raina and Nally 2012). Drugs that are vasoactive can also cause pre-renal kidney injury (Barber Robertson, 2009), since intra-renal vasoconstriction can ultimately lead to hypo-perfusion (Murphy Byrne, 2010). Anitas surgery was complicated since the planned laparoscopic cholecystectomy had to proceed to an open cholecystectomy, thus she probably suffered considerable intra-operative fluid loss. If inadequate replacement ensued, the reduced blood flow within Anitas kidneys could have caused hypovolemic or cardiogenic shock (Garretson and Malber ti, 2007). Indeed, inadequate intravascular volume arising from significant fluid/blood loss is a common cause of hypovolemic shock (Hand 2001, Bench 2004). A further cause of AKI, intrinsic kidney injury, is associated with injuries that structurally harm vessels, the glomerulus, or kidney tubules (Ali Gray-Vickrey, 2011). Prolonged or severe pre-renal hypoperfusion may lead to such injury through ischaemia. Alternatively, infectious elements or pollutants are a further cause of such damage (Murphy Byrne, 2010). Notably, tubular cells within Anitas kidneys would have been severely damaged if blood flow had been reduced to 20% of normal (Cheung et al., 2008), although the actual extent of her injury is currently unknown. This type of injury is termed acute tubular necrosis (ATN), and is a common reason for AKI in hospitilised patients (Ali Gray-Vickrey, 2011). ATN is characterised by decreased consciousness, reduced urine output resulting from tubular damage, and nausea and vomiting. Like prerenal injury, ATN is often reversible, however, early intervention and distinguishing the mechanism of damage, whether prerenal or intrinsic, is vitally important to improve patient outcome (Gotfried et al. 2012). Other less common causes of intrinsic injury are acute interstitial nephritis (AIN) arising from allergic drug reactions or systemic disease, and contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) arising from toxicity associated with radiological contrast media administration (Fry, Farrington, 2006; Hilton, 2011; Thomas, 2008). Risk factors for CIN in patents undergoing radio-contrast include age and pre-existing renal impairment plus simultaneous administration of metformin to treat diabetes (Porth, 2007). Consequently, diabetic patients with renal impairment and taking metformin (a drug which is 100% renally excreted), when undergoing radio contrast should be closely monitored, and medication stopped 48 hours before and after the procedure (Royal College of Radiologists, 2009). Finally, post-retinal kidney injury arises from urinary tract obstruction, the resultant back-pressure inhibiting glomerular filtration rate and causing ischemia (Leach, 2009; Hsu Symons, 2010). ABCDE Approach: Airway, Breathing, Circulation, Disability and Exposure Nurses play a vital role in effectively managing acute-care patients such as Anita, with timely intervention resulting in the prevention of life-threatening complications (Clarke Ketchell, 2011). The use of a systematic approach that identifies the priorities of care is essential (Thompson, 2008). Comprehensive Clinical Assessment Guidelines exist for AKI (Lewington Kanagasundaram, 2011), which emphasise that it is essential to consider the underlying cause of AKI since certain origins, such as AIN, would need specialised therapy. Initial clinical orientation requires nurses to ensure that necessary tests are performed and relevant assessment/monitoring is undertaken swiftly (Henneman, Gawlinski, Giuliano, 2012). Antia has already been diagnosed with AKI arising from insufficient fluid replacement during surgery, thus prerenal kidney injury has arisen from renal hypo-perfusion and ischemia, due to an inadequate intravascular volume. Although the extent of the damage remains to be seen, restoring intravascular volume is key to Anitas recovery. A useful approach in assessing and managing a patient who may deteriorate, such Anita, is the Airway, Breathing, Circulation, Disability, Exposure (ABCDE) approach (Resuscitation Council, 2010). This would be highly useful for Anita, as it would break down the complex assessment procedure for AKI into a systematic process, whereby assessment and treatment algorithms would allow provision of a prioritised care plan. The ABCDE framework also serves as a valuable tool in identifying/eliminating critical conditions (Thim, Krarup, Grove, Rohde, Lofgren, 2012). Anitas assessment will now be considered under the five separate headings. Airway The patency of Anitas airway would be checked, to ensure there is no obstruction. Anita is overweight and upper airway obstruction through narrowing of the airways can occur in obese patients especially during sleep (sleep apnoea) (Hillman, Platt and Eastwood, 2003). If Anitas PCA is causing sedation, she will be drowsy. Consideration should thus be given to providing adequate pillows to ensure her posture and positioning on the bed would be conducive to a patent airway, similar to a head-tilt and chin-lift position (Thim et al, 2012). Frequent repositioning would also guard against pressure sores. Breathing Assessment of Anitas breathing involves respiration rate coupled with observations regarding whether her breathing is noisy, or laboured; movements of the thoracic wall and use of auxiliary muscles are clues to look for (Thim et al., 2012). Assessing Anitas risk of post-operative sleep apnea would mean observing her when sleeping, and noting if she snores or is apnoeic (Thim et al., 2012). To alleviate such symptoms correct positioning would be vital, indeed it is known that poor positioning of obese patients in bed may impede lung expansion (Moore, 2007). Breathing difficulties could require oxygen administration or in severe cases, assisted ventilation (Thim et al., 2012). Anitas is slightly tacypnoeic (respiration rate=22/min); this needs monitoring. Anita has endured severe dehydration and the underlying cause of the tacypnoea is probably related to the ensuing reduced circulating volume, which in turn causes a numbers of associated physiological changes including increased respi ration rate (Large, 2005); other vital signs are also affected, as seen below. Circulation Anita is borderline hypotensive (BP=105/60 mm/Hg) and slightly tachycardic (pulse=108 beats/minute). The severe dehydration Anita has suffered means her heart tries to compensate for the reduced volume by pumping harder (increase in cardiac output) and faster (increased heart rate) (Large, 2005). Concurrently, the low fluid volume leads to a fall in BP. Consequently AKI-related dehydration, has resulted in adverse outcomes including hypotension, tachycardia, and tacypnoeic; weak pulse and cold hands and feet are further signs to look out for (Large, 2005). Additionally, level of mental status, dry oral mucous membranes, sunken eyes and reduced capillary refill/skin (or tongue) turgor are all secondary markers of dehydration (Merck Manuals, 2012) whilst ankle and sacral oedema are signs of fluid overload. Capillary refill time involves pressing on the pad of the middle finger for five seconds then measuring the time for normal colour to return (Large, 2005). Skin turgor involves pinch ing a fold of skin and observing if it falls back to normal position immediately (Scales and Pilsworth, 2008). Rapid restoral of Anitas circulating volume is vital, with additionally the need for close and continuous monitoring of fluid levels (input vs output) and hemodynamics (Dirkes, 2011). Anita is nil by mouth and iv fluid input is being controlled at a rate of 1000mls dextrose/saline over 12 hours. Dextrose/saline is primarily used to replace water losses post-operatively. Normally fluid intake and loss are balanced (Scales and Pilsworth, 2008), yet Anita has been oliguric for 6 hours. Normal urine output is 1ml/kg body weight per hour, the minimum acceptable being 0.5ml/kg/hr (Scales and Pilsworth, 2008). Thus Anita should have a minimum output of 50ml per hour. Obviously Anita is still suffering a fluid deficit. The kidneys can normally concentrate or dilute urine in response to fluid changes. If Anitas kidneys are conserving water any urine excreted will be concentrated and dark (Scales and Pilsworth, 2008). The colour should be noted, in addition to the actual volume, on the fluid b alance chart. Accurate records are critical in assessing Anitas fluid balance. The level of iv fluid needed to restore Anitas fluid balance depends upon an accurate assessment of her volume status, based on the following equation: Fluid required = pre-existing deficit + normal maintenance + ongoing losses. Fluid replacement calculations are challenging since Anitas precise deficit is unknown, also her frequent vomiting represents a variable, on-going fluid loss, which must be estimated and added to her maintenance fluid intake. A patient with a pre-existing deficit normally received rapid fluid resuscitation comprised of an initial large volume (~250ml) of iv saline, repeated as necessary. According to the Merck Manuals (2012) patients with intravascular volume depletion without shock can receive infusion at a controlled rate, typically 500 ml/h. Anitas fluid resuscitation status should be urgently established since Anita appears to be receiving maintenance fluids rather than rescue therapy. During Anitas recovery phase her clinical response to iv fluids will guide the rate of fluid replacement, her vital signs and urine output should return to normal once normal hydration is achieved. A urine output of > 0.5 to 1 ml/kg/h is required (Scales and Pilsworth, 2008). But in addition to urine volume, monitoring electrolyte status is a further part of patient management in the recovery phase of AKI (UK Renal Association, 2011; Abdel-Kader and Palevsky, 2009). Urea, creatinine and sodium are elevated in volume-depleted individuals but to differing extents (Thomas, Tariq, Makhdomm, Haddad Moinuddin, 2003). A full blood count is a further useful piece of information (Lewington Kanagasundaram, 2011). Disability Anitas state of consciousness has been evaluated through the Glasgow Coma Scale and is currently 15, indicating she is fully conscious and in no danger of disability pertaining to consciousness (Gabbe, Cameron, Finch, 2003). Nevertheless, her mental alertness should continue to be monitored. Nurses need to ensure Anita can communicate adequately, especially since AKI can affect mental status because of hypernatremia, as a result of low fluid volume. This happened because the vascular space becomes hypertonic and results in extracellular migration of water away from brain cells, hence accounting for neurologic symptoms (Lee, 2010). Also, Anita may be drowsy due to the morphine. Any mental status deficit should improve when Anita responds to treatment and stops opiate analgesia. Anitas repeated vomiting is disabling and is contributing to dehydration and electrolyte imbalances (Golembiewski, Chernin, and Chopra 2005; Gan, 2006), and clearly requires immediate attention. The underlying cause must be determined if appropriate interventions are to be used. Vomiting is common following anaesthesia, but is also linked to opioid treatment and also hypotension. There are a large number of drugs available to treat post-operative and opiate induced vomiting (Stevenson, 2006), however, Anitas renal status means that administering antiemetic medications  may be unwise. Anita is self-administering morphine, therefore the frequency of her usage, her level of pain control and alertness all need monitoring. In addition to sometimes causing sedation, nausea and vomiting, morphine can produce hypotension and respiratory depression, and obese patients, such as Anita, are at higher risk of these side effects. Therefore the risk/benefit of continuing PCA with this drug over n urse-controlled analgesia should be established; if continued Anitas respiration rate should be frequently assessed and she should be monitored for signs of opiate toxicity. Exposure Anitas wound must be checked regularly to ensure it is clean and there are no signs of opening or infection, especially given the trauma of her vomiting. Surgical drains and urine drains likewise must be kept patent and clean; whilst regular temperature checks would monitor pyrexia. The results of Anitas initial ABCDE assessment can now be put in to perspective by identifying key information to help devise her care plan through application of a second nursing framework. The Roper, Logan and Tierney Model (1980) Nursing Model and Care Plan The Roper, Logan and Tierney model (1980) can be applied to the case of Anita Brown in order to devise a tailored care plan. This model takes a holistic approach and allows the impact of Anitas morbidities on her activities of living (ALs) to be considered. The model identifies twelve activities ALs namely eating and drinking, working and playing, sleeping, elimination, washing and dressing, communication, breathing, expressing sexuality held in relation to lifespan and the dependence/independence continuum. The framework is simplistic, yet provides a means to develop a logical and systematic care plan that is based on teamwork and mutual coordination (Murphy et al., 2000). It allows systematic collection of information from a patients biological, physiological, sociocultural, environmental, and politico-economic, perspective (Roper, Logan, Tierney, 2000). The model is especially applicable in patients requiring acute care such as Anita, helping to highlight the priorities of care t hat must be undertaken (Murphy et al., 2000). Once assessment is complete, a plan of care can be formulated which takes into account lifespan and level of dependence but may not necessarily cover all ALs (Beretta, 2003). Here I will consider six of the most pertinent ALs which are relevant for Anitas 48-hour care. I will highlight Anitas problems in relation to the AL and describe the necessary nursing interventions and their goals as part of a 48-hour nursing care plan. Safe Environment Anitas skin should be healthy and in tact: Check integrity of wound; Anitas retching could rupture her stitches. Also check for infection or swelling following surgery using aseptic techniques. Record temperature regularly to ensure Anita remains apyrexial. Anitas vital signs are out of range: Closely monitor haemodynamic status, urinalysis and fluid balance status; these should be returned to normal through appropriate interventions. Check peripheral insertion line is patent, the fluid is running fast enough and the fluid is provided as prescribed. Accurately recording input (and output: see below). Anitas is vomiting: Anitas vomiting will be distressing. Treat the underlying cause of the vomiting, and immediately adopt simple interventions to alleviate symptoms e.g. provide adequate bowls and tissues, open a window or provide a fan. Anitas oral health may be compromised since she is vomiting and receiving nil by mouth. Offer assistance with oral hygiene. Anita is self-administering morphine: The potential for unwanted opiate side effects warrants investigation regarding level of usage and pain control. Discuss this with Anita and switched to nurse controlled non-opiate analgesia is possible. Breathing Anita respiration should be 15-20/min: Anita is slightly tacypnoeic. Regularly monitor vital signs and observations post-operatively. Since Anita is overweight she may easily get out of breath during minor exertion so encourage her to ask for nursing assistance if she needs help. Communication Anita should be coherent and respond appropriately to questions: talk to Anita about how she is feeling and ensure her AKI, post-operative status and/or analgesia is not adversely affecting her mental abilities. Be aware of non-verbal transmission of information such as facial expression of pain/discomfort. Elimination Anitas urine must be properly collected: regularly check the urine drainage bag and tubing to ensure patency and cleanliness and to record output. Similarly, if there is a wound drain in place. Provide bedpan/commode: It is unlikely that Anita will need to open her bowels, however, she should be encouraged to seek assistance and request a bedpan/commode should she need one. Anitas privacy and dignity must be respected throughout. Sleeping Anita may be sleepy: Anita may be drowsy from the morphine and want to sleep a lot. She is overweight, which may make her more prone to post-operative sleep apnea. Observe her when sleeping for signs of snoring or apnoea. Anitas posture and positioning on the bed is important, especially since she is at higher risk of pressure sores. Nurses would need to ensure Anita is not slumped but positioned in a semi-upright position and frequent repositioned. Mobilisation Anita must regain mobility: Anita is relatively young, but overweight which would hamper her everyday mobility. She should by encouraged to mobilise if possible such as assistance to a sitting position in a chair; this would reduce chances of post-operative thombosis. All of these nursing actions have been formulated in a 48-hour care plan, a proposal for which is shown in the Appendix. Although relatively young, and presumably previous to surgery largely independent, Anita is currently considerably dependent on nursing staff for many ALs. This is reflected in her care plan. The ultimate aim of the Roper model is to achieve goals that promote independence in all ALs. Achieving this objective requires regular evaluation of Anitas plan, which in turn requires accurate baseline data against which improvement or deterioration in her progress can be measured. The plan can then be adjusted accordingly (Holland, 2003). Conclusion Anita Brown has suffered AKI probably due to insufficient fluid replacement inter/post operation. The resultant drop in circulating volume has manifested in a number of adverse physiologic and haemodynamic events. Anitas symptoms are consistent with pre-renal AKI (although ATN cannot be ruled out (Cheung et al., 2008) necessitating swift intervention. The pathophysiology of AKI reveals that it is a multifaceted condition requiring complex clinical assessment (Lewington Kanagasundaram, 2010). Here I have described a simplified, logical approach to Anitas care, through the application of two systematic methodologies. The approaches advocated ensured all relevant assessments were performed and that appropriate and effective interventions were employed in the formulation Anitas 48-hour care plan. The ABCDE mnemonic was used since it represents a strong clinical tool for rapid assessment and treatment of patients such as Anita requiring swift and effective interventions. Whilst the Roper , Logan and Tierney (1980) model provided a holistic approach to patient care since it allowed assessment of the patient as a whole (OConnor and Timmins, 2002), and has thus taken into account Anitas specific needs and preferences, whilst ensuring she is treated appropriately (Clarke Ketchell, 2011). Adhering to such tried and tested formulae allowed delivery of an optimised, tailored care plan, which will improve Anitas prognosis and enhance overall outcomes.

The Cayman Islands :: essays research papers

Part I - The Question   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When I was 18, my family took a trip to Cancun for Spring Break. I absolutely loved the beaches and palm trees, the white sand, hot sun and blue waves. Ever since then I have had a real passion for tropical islands. My favorite and perhaps the most beautiful Islands I’ve researched are the Cayman Islands. I’ve only seen pictures and heard stories but I’ve already decided that’s where I am getting married. I still however, don’t know anything about the islands. My love for these islands and my thirst for knowledge on the topic has driven me to do more research and find out the history behind the Cayman Islands. I want to know everything about them, so far the only thing I know is that there are three islands, Grand Cayman, Cayman Brac, and Little cayman. I would like to know more. I am hoping to learn about the early development of the islands, the people, growth, tropical climate and environment. I am doing this purely for my own reference and curiosity. Part II - Research   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I began researching for this paper online because it was easy for me to use and a lot faster than looking up information in text books, and it’s a lot more accurate and up-to-date. Immediately I found about a hundred web sites worth printing. After scrolling through page after page, site after site I realized I had barely scratched the surface, so I decided to pick the ones with the most promising titles and print them all. Then I began the tedious task of sifting through all those papers until I found the best ones. I think I ended up with about six different sites, all on different things about the islands. One of the best ones was about the history of the Cayman Islands, I found this to be the most factual. Another good one mostly was about the Geography and Geology of the islands. The rest of them were mainly about visiting the islands, the discovery of the islands, touring the islands and comparing and contrasting the three islands.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After this I went to the Jackson Community College Learning Center and read through books and Encyclopedias about Cayman Islands but I found most of these to have the same information as my web sites, but not as good. I found a few pictures and maps that were helpful in my own understanding of the islands, unfortunately they wouldn’t be much help with my paper. The Cayman Islands :: essays research papers Part I - The Question   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When I was 18, my family took a trip to Cancun for Spring Break. I absolutely loved the beaches and palm trees, the white sand, hot sun and blue waves. Ever since then I have had a real passion for tropical islands. My favorite and perhaps the most beautiful Islands I’ve researched are the Cayman Islands. I’ve only seen pictures and heard stories but I’ve already decided that’s where I am getting married. I still however, don’t know anything about the islands. My love for these islands and my thirst for knowledge on the topic has driven me to do more research and find out the history behind the Cayman Islands. I want to know everything about them, so far the only thing I know is that there are three islands, Grand Cayman, Cayman Brac, and Little cayman. I would like to know more. I am hoping to learn about the early development of the islands, the people, growth, tropical climate and environment. I am doing this purely for my own reference and curiosity. Part II - Research   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I began researching for this paper online because it was easy for me to use and a lot faster than looking up information in text books, and it’s a lot more accurate and up-to-date. Immediately I found about a hundred web sites worth printing. After scrolling through page after page, site after site I realized I had barely scratched the surface, so I decided to pick the ones with the most promising titles and print them all. Then I began the tedious task of sifting through all those papers until I found the best ones. I think I ended up with about six different sites, all on different things about the islands. One of the best ones was about the history of the Cayman Islands, I found this to be the most factual. Another good one mostly was about the Geography and Geology of the islands. The rest of them were mainly about visiting the islands, the discovery of the islands, touring the islands and comparing and contrasting the three islands.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After this I went to the Jackson Community College Learning Center and read through books and Encyclopedias about Cayman Islands but I found most of these to have the same information as my web sites, but not as good. I found a few pictures and maps that were helpful in my own understanding of the islands, unfortunately they wouldn’t be much help with my paper.

Artemis Fowl Book Report

He had devised a plan that would restore his family's fortune, a plan that could people civilizations and plunge the planet into a cross species war. Was at Ho Chi Mini City waiting for our contact Guan Unguent accompanied by Butler. As we waited Guan walked up to us dressed as a waiter. Obvious. Handmade loafers, a silk shirt, three gold signet rings. Pathetic really. Only to check for weapons. Who does he think I am? I told him that I was unarmed but for fun I told him about Butler. How he had tons of weapons and how he could kill him even without them. It was hilarious.He looked as if he were going to cry. Finally he told us to look at a picture he had. It was a wrinkly green hand. Guan then told us that she is a healer that works in exchange for rice wine. She was always drunk. He led us to a fire escape in Tu Do Street. I asked Butler for the night vision goggles. Inside I saw the green old hag. She asked for wine. Butler gave her the Irish whiskey. It was the same wrinkly green hand. I told Butler to give Guan the money. Finally things were going according to plan. She asked me if had anything that needed healing. I told her only wanted her book.She threatened to kill me. I told her that I would save her if she gave me the book. She gave me a questioning look. Perhaps the affects of the holy water hadn't darted yet. Told her about it and she said I murdered her. Then she started listening to what I had to say. Told her that we had two vials: #1 a vial of spring water from the fairy well sixty meters below Tara, Ireland the most magical place on the Earth, it would counteract the holy water and #2 a booster with a virus that feeds on alcohol which will flush every drop of rice wine out of her body.She asked me how could I trust you. That was a good question. Sometimes I can't even trust myself. I had to say something so I told her that I would give her the first vial on faith and the second one after am even the book for at least 30 minutes. Butler gave he r the first shot with the syringe gun then she gave me the book. I took my camera and took a picture of every page of the characters then gave it back and Butler injected the second vial, we left immediately. A century's worth of alcohol leaving the body isn't a pretty sight. When we got home I checked on mum.Sleeping like a baby. If she had recovered I would have to cancel everything and go to school. I went to my room uploading the files into my computer. It was a mixture of symbols and characters they were all around the page in no regular order. I printed all the ages and tacked them to the wall. First I needed a central point language so I started with English, Chinese, Arabic, Greek, Cyrillic, and even Gingham texts. There was still nothing. Was frustrated; none of the characters had a match. I thought hard and remembered the only base language didn't try: Egyptian. Finally a hit.The computer didn't show anything so I would have to get every Gnomish figure and compare it with the hieroglyphics. At midnight when I was done I fed my findings into the Macintosh. I pressed decode. Papers of meaningless gibberish came flowing out. Now all I had to do was find out the order it was written in. The Arabic right to left, no, the Chinese columns, no. Nothing worked. Then I noticed a tiny dot in the middle Of each page with arrows around it Then I knew that it was read in spirals. I typed spiral on the read menu and the letters came out in lines, finally. This was it.The Book of the People. Being Instructions to our Magic's And Life Rules. Carry me always, carry me well. Am thy teacher of herb and spell am thy link to power arcane. Forget me and thy magic will wane. Ten times ten commandments there be. They will answer every mystery. Cures, curses, alchemy. These secrets shall be thin, through me. But fairy remember this above all. Am not for those in mud that crawl. And forever doomed shall be the one, who betrays my secrets one by one†¦ Finally the book was translated and read. Now it was time for the thing I do best; plot dastardly acts.After a few hours I called Butler and Juliet(Butler's sister) into the room. I told them that according to the book, all we have to do is stakeout at an ancient tree at a full moon at a river bend. Juliet questioned me about fairies and how they weren't real, that got me thinking that all this work could be for nothing, but again the book proved quite promising. I told Juliet to get a cage into the cellar. We had over 100 places to try, it wouldn't be as easy as I thought. Four months of searching, not a hit. After 1 hour of waiting the proximity alarms flashed red someone was here. Hacked the scope and saw a figure bending down beside a tree. It was a possible fairy picking up a seat. In the bushes I saw Butler hold the dart pistol with the red dot pointed at her neck. Butler pulled the trigger, but out of a million odds she ducked again. Now she noticed she was under fire, we would have to do this ma nually. Butler was already ahead of the game and started to taunt the fairy. New that it was my turn so I started to scare the fairy. Butler stood behind her preparing a second tranquilizer dart while stalled her. Finally Butler shot her in the back and took her helmet.I couldn't believe how human the fairy looked. When We got TO Fowl Manor I examined the helmet and found a small tracking device. Of course they be following us now. Or they be following the tracker at least. I told Butler to get the car. It's time for road trip number 2. When we got too the dock I told Butler we needed a diversion. Butler nodded then I went to the nearest whaler and dumped the tracker inside. I put a mob there also to whoever was tracking it down. When got back to the car Butler was still fighting some men. Felt sorry for them. Even I don't want to pick a fight with him.After he finished he came to the car and we drove back to Fowl Manor. Went to our prisoner in a cage in the basement. It was time to taunt her once again. Told her, her name: Holly Short, rank: Captain and the rules in the house. Finally she asked how knew these things. I was surprised. It seemed like she didn't know she had a name tag on her. Told her I was aiming for gold. She again asked how do we know everything. Knew that couldn't tell err had the book so I told her we gave her a truth serum and she told us everything. She went to a corner thinking how had she had betrayed her people. Aft and went to Butler who was monitoring the cameras. Nothing yet. I told Butler to try the avenue and freeze the picture. He did and five black figures appeared on the screen. I handed him a bigger helmet that had several filters that allowed him to see shielded fairies. Butler went outside to take care of them. Before he left I told him to get the head to talk with better scared than dead. After a few minutes Butler came back with a handful of technology and left or preparation for my special visitor. They'd put a time stop on Fowl Manor.Seconds later the clock stopped and an unshielded figure stepped onto the lawn. The game was just beginning. Came to the front door and allowed him to come in. Told him that in return for the captain that I wanted a ton often-carat gold. He told me that he was going to kill us all with a bomb that I already knew of. I told him I could escape it. He was bewildered. He told me that nobody could escape the bio bomb, and then he left. After he left I went straight to the surveillance room and I noticed that Butler wasn't going around doing his rounds. Diode butler and asked him what was he doing.

Jimmy Smits--A Biographical Summary.

Jimmy SmitsA Biographical Summary. On July 9, 1955, one of the most prominent Hispanic actors was born. His name is Jimmy Smits, a.k.a. Detective Bobby Simone on NYPD Blue. Smits has helped increase the visibility of Hispanics in non-typecast roles on television. He has also made his appearance in several movies, and he lends his support to groups concerning themselves with Hispanic issues.Jimmy Smits was born in Brooklyn, New York. His father came from Surinam, and his mother came from Puerto Rico, where he spent most of his childhood. Smits eventually returned to Brooklyn and attended Jefferson High School. Jimmy played football at firststanding six feet, two inches tallbut decided later on that acting was more important to him. He quit football and joined every dramatic production he possibly could, even at other schools.No one in Smits' family went away to college, but he changed all that by going to Brooklyn College to study drama and earn a B.A.Jimmy Dean and Large DogsAfter that, he attended Cornell to earn an M.A. in theater. As an ambitious young actor, Jimmy's dream was to perfect his craft and work on high-quality projects with high-minded people. In reality, however, he spent his first years in the business playing roles that did not meet his artistic expectations.At that time, many Hispanics and African Americans were not given that much of a chance in acting. Sure, they got parts, but the roles they played were misleading toward their race. After landing a part in L.A. Law in 1986, Smits changed all that. More and more Hispanics were appearing in films and television shows. Soon after Jimmy's debut on L.A. Law, he landed parts in Running Scared, The Believers, Stamp of a Killer, and Glitz in only three years!Then, in 1994, Smits joined the cast of NYPD Blue,

Economic International Legal Considerations Essays - Identifiers

Economic International Legal Considerations Essays - Identifiers Economic International Legal Considerations International Legal Considerations This chapter covers a wide range of regulations, procedures, and practices that fall into three categories: regulations that exporters must follow to comply with U.S. law; procedures that exporters should follow to ensure a successful export transaction; and programs and certain tax procedures that open new markets or provide financial benefits to exporters. Export Regulations General Introduction The Export Administration Regulations (EAR) regulate the export and reexport of items for national security, nonproliferation, foreign policy, and short supply reasons. The Department of Commerce's Bureau of Export Administration (BXA) has taken important steps to remove unnecessary obstacles to exporting, including completion of U.S. regulatory reform effort and export control liberalizations. Working closely with the exporting community, BXA has simplified the EAR, especially for those companies new to exporting. In addition, export controls have been liberalized on many products sold by U.S. companies around the world, consistent with national security and foreign policy concerns. A relatively small percentage of exports and reexports requires the submission of a license application to BXA. License requirements are dependent upon an item's technical characteristics, the destination, the end use, and the end user. Determining whether a license is required for export is easier under the newly drafted regulations which consolidate license requirements previously scattered throughout the regulations. Once a classification has been determined, exporters may use a single chart to determine if licenses are needed for a country. The revised regulations include answers to frequently asked questions, detailed step-by-step instructions for finding out if a transaction is subject to the regulations, how to request a commodity classification or advisory opinion, and how to apply for a license. The EAR groups items (commodities, software, and technology) into ten categories each containing several entries. These entries are the Export Control Classification Numbers (ECCN). These entries are in Supplemental N0. 1 to part 774 of the EAR, which is the Commerce Control List (CCL). The CCL and the Country Chart, Supplement No. 1 to part 738 taken together, define items subject to export controls based solely on the technical parameters of the item and the country of ultimate destination. Items that are listed on the CCL but do not require a license by reason of the Country Chart and items classified as EAR99 (see 734.3(c) of the EAR entitled Scope of the EAR) are designated as NLR, or no license required. All countries are not treated in the same way under the EAR because different countries present different national security, nonproliferation, or foreign policy considerations for the United States. A license requirement may be based on the end use or end user in a transaction, primarily for proliferation reasons. Part 744 of the EAR describes such requirements and relevant licensing policies and includes both restrictions on items and restrictions on the activities of U.S. persons. The EAR covers more than exports. Items subject to the EAR are generally controlled for reexport from one foreign country to another. A relatively small percentage of exports and reexports requires an application to BXA for a license. Many items are not on the CCL or, if on the CCL, require a license only to a limited number of countries. Other transactions may be covered by one or more License Exceptions in the EAR, part 740. However, a license is required for virtually all exports to embargoed destinations such as Cuba. Part 746 of the EAR describes embargoed destinations and refers to certain additional controls imposed by the Office of Foreign Assets Controls of the Treasury Department. Sometimes the EAR are referred to as dual use regulations. The term dual use refers to items that can be used for both military and other strategic uses (e.g., nuclear) and commercial applications. It also refers to items with solely civil uses. The term is also used to distinguish the scope of the EAR from items covered by the regulations of other agencies. For example, the U.S. Department of State controls exports of weapons and military related items on the U.S. Munitions List, while the Department of Energy and the Nuclear Regulatory Commission control certain items for nuclear reasons. For more information on the control of agencies other than BXA, see Supplement No. 3

Introduction to the French Present Tense

Introduction to the French Present Tense The French present tense, called le prà ©sent or le prà ©sent de lindicatif, is quite similar in usage to the English present tense. In French, the present tense is used to express all of the following: I. Current actions and situations   Ã‚  Ã‚  Je suis fatiguà ©.  Ã‚  Ã‚  I am tired.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Nous allons au marchà ©.  Ã‚  Ã‚  We are going to the market. II. Habitual actions   Ã‚  Ã‚  Il va là ©cole tous les jours.  Ã‚  Ã‚  He goes to school every day.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Je visite des musà ©es le samedi.  Ã‚  Ã‚  I visit museums on Saturdays. III. Absolute and general truths   Ã‚  Ã‚  La terre est ronde.  Ã‚  Ã‚  The earth is round.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Là ©ducation est importante.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Education is important. IV. Actions which will occur immediately   Ã‚  Ã‚  Jarrive  !  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ill be right there!  Ã‚  Ã‚  Il part tout de suite.  Ã‚  Ã‚  He is leaving right away. V. Conditions, such as in si clauses   Ã‚  Ã‚  Si je peux, jirai avec toi.  Ã‚  Ã‚  If I can, I will go with you.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Si vous voulez.  Ã‚  Ã‚  If you like. Note: The present tense is not used after certain constructions that indicate an action that will occur in the future, such as aprà ¨s que (after) and aussità ´t que (as soon as). Instead, the future is used in French. The French present tense has three different English equivalents, because the English helping verbs to be and to do are not translated into French. For example, je mange can mean all of the following: I eat.I am eating.I do eat. If you want to emphasize the fact that something is happening right now, you can use the conjugated verb à ªtre en train de infinitive. So to say I am eating (right now), you would literally say I am in the process of eating: Je suis en train de manger. To learn how to conjugate French verbs in the present tense and then test yourself, please see these related lessons: Regular Verbs   -ER verbs -IR verbs  -RE verbs

The Cons of Drilling for Gas by Hydraulic Fracturing Essay - 1

The Cons of Drilling for Gas by Hydraulic Fracturing - Essay Example The essay "The Cons of Drilling for Gas by Hydraulic Fracturing" talks about the hydraulic fracturing, an industrial process which is water intensive and is used to collect natural gas. And with the examples of multiple basins, the papers will present the environmental implications of hydrofracking in shale gas reservoirs. Before the man could reach the lower part of the crust, shallow wells were dug so as to get the gas. Hydrofracking is the latest method of extracting the gas and it has led to a lot of problems. First, the gases that come out are very poisonous and harmful to human consumption. The ecological imbalance that comes with the drilling process is also very harmful to nature and can lead to the imbalance of nature and all its recourses. Shale gas is the gas that is produced by the shale and there are two functions of the shale. It functions as the reservoir and as the source rock for the natural gas. Due to hydrofracking, many of the shale rocks are known to fracture and this leads to an imbalance in the ecosystem. Hydrofracking involves a lot of pressure that is used so as to bring the gas upwards. The high pressure is of importance and causes the gas to flow upwards, however, the high pressure also has a lot of environmental impacts. It weakens the rocks that are underground when this happens; the result is a weak underground rock structure. This can cause it to sink and hence lead to an earthquake. The main question here is the effect of hydrofracking on the environment.

The effects of arranged marriages on women in India Research Paper

The effects of arranged marriages on women in India - Research Paper Example Husband’s or in-laws’ expectations when not met in this regard often result in a never ending experience of physical and mental abuse for women. In addition to that, failure to give dowry also leads to delayed marriages which is also another social stigma experienced by Indian women. Where marriage provides an opportunity to a couple for satisfying their social, libidinal and emotional needs, lack of understanding, extreme differences in opinions and inability to compromise often results in marital problems. Since women spend more time in domestic settings, rate of depression and other psychological problems is more eminent in them due to lack of outlet of negative emotions. The situation tends to be more difficult for educated men and women who are habitual of having personal independence before marriage. Sexual encounters with unknown partners after wedding also tends to be a stigmatic experience for Indian women which can affect their approach towards men on long-ter m basis. Absence of long-term nurturing or general know-how of future husband’s nature, extra involvement of in-laws in decisions of couples and sacrificing one’s priorities unwilling i.e. career and education, can be triggers that may affect marital life in case of arranged marriages. Arranged marriage system also provides more dominance to men over their wives which further endanger welfare of women due to very foundation of this social system. Comparing advantages and disadvantages of arranged marriages in India, it is important to identify if demerits of arranged marriages for Indian women outweigh benefits offered by this social phenomenon. 2. Advantages of Arranged Marriages Matchmaking in Indian culture is a common social function performed by elders, extended family and friends and is considered as a source of references for acquiring eligible bachelor or bachelorette for daughters and sons of the family. With involvements of elders and dominant family figures in this search, the resultant is a social, economic, religious and cultural compatibility between two families which is also expected between spouses as well. This is precisely the reason why some non-resident Indian families also tend to seek partners for their sons and daughters from India (Kalpagam 207). It is also important to note that divorce rates are expected to be lower in arranged marriages due to presence of third parties and social support provided by family members for conflict resolution among a wife and husband (Bentley n.p; ‘Arranged/ Forced’ n.p). Furthermore, divorce is considered as stigma in Indian culture especially for women therefore arranged marriages provide more support against couples’ divorces which also saves their social stature in Indian culture. Also, strong family ties are an integral part of Asian and other ethnic cultures i.e. Indian, Chinese, Greek and Latina. In addition to that, ignoring personality differences, couples of ar ranged marriages are relatively less influenced by environmental factors i.e. financial or social dominance of one partner over other since they have been already considered, and discord with other family members hampering effectiveness of marital life. Lastly, arranged marriages began with little expectations since nature of partner is usually unknown for man and woman. Therefore, they are more likely to tolerate differences among them as compared to love marriages that may have

Criminal Justice Organizations- Assignment 2 Essay - 1

Criminal Justice Organizations- Assignment 2 - Essay Example Second, there could be little assurance that this leader himself did not employ enthusiasm and generally the passion for his tasks. I found him enthusiastic, passionate and all of these were combined generally to a higher energy level. He is indeed a transformational leader. I am a firm believer of the thought that every organization requires effective leadership style. In the case of my organization with that leader I mentioned above, his usage of transformational leadership was effective at some point. I believe that the nature of our jobs or daily activities require much higher energy, and so motivational considerations. For this reason, the leader together with his leadership style was simply on the right tract. I therefore argue that the type of leadership to be employed in an organization should also depend on its nature of jobs or activities and even particularly culture. Thus, at a closer evaluation, I can attest that a motivational leadership, generally the transformational leadership fitted into the requirements and the vital needs of our firm. If someone would ask me if there are other leadership styles that could fit in, my response would be that there are a lot of them. However, I should find them complementary approaches only, because I believe transformational leadership should be the primary requirement of the organization, as far as its needs and the nature of tasks in it are concerned. As to whether there are other leadership styles that could work effectively in o ur organization, the response on this would be that there are simply variety of them in the corner. However, this does not simply contest the fact that the use of transformational leadership was not remarkably necessary, at some point. The nature of the work in the criminal justice organization is highly under both a combination of physiological and psychological undertakings. These require more zeal and passion in the long

Google's case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

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Walmart Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Walmart - Term Paper Example Therefore, substitutes of products and services impose constrain the ability of the firm to adjust their prices to achieve their target profit margin. In this case, Wal-Mart has a wide range of products with substitutes, for instance, when a customer wants to buy groceries, they can go to Safeway, Albertsons. However, there are substitutes for electronic products such as Frys, Circuit City. On the other hand, the substitutes for clothing are Target, Costco, JC Penny (Slater & Olson, 2002). Nevertheless, it is evident that numerous competitors are not able to provide their customers with convenient and low prices for services and products. Therefore, the customers have the choice of fetching their products and services from numerous specialty stores, thereby decreasing the chances of finding the low pricing offered by Wal-Mart. In this case, the free market offers buyer a chance to choose among numerous alternatives; thus, the source of substitutes attribute to the same product or service being sourced by two or more distributors (Porter, 1985). Moreover, full substitute of product and services are attributed having different manufactures, but serving the same purpose. For instance, there is a product such as Kellog’s corn flakes offered by Wal-Mart while other competitors may offer a generic brand of corn flakes. On the other hand, there are partial substitutes of products and services, whereby service and products are not directly related but they can serve the same purpose in the market. It is evident that threat of substitute has a typical impact on the industry through price competition. However, there are other concerns in assessing the concern raised by the threat of a substitute to a company like Wal-Mart. In this case, given that Wal-Mart provides customers with cheap products from rivals, this can result to a

Summary of book Call of The Wild Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Summary of book Call of The Wild - Essay Example In chapter four, Buck takes the pack’s leadership and he demonstrates his capability by making the pack travel faster than the previous leader had done. This is seen when he makes the pack travel from Dawson to Skaguay in one day instead of the ten days they had taken previously. The pack is sold to a Scotsman after Perrault and Francois receives official orders directing them to transfer elsewhere. They travel back to Dawson and one of the dogs dies from fatigue and illness (London 36). In chapter five, the dogs are sold to new masters, Hal and Charles who travel with Charles’ wife Mercedes. The inexperience of the pack’s new masters makes them starve and carry heavier loads than the ones it carried before. The pack reaches John Thornton’s camp and Thornton frees it from Hal’s mastership (London 46). In chapter six, Buck becomes friends with Thornton, defends him from his foes, and helps him win a bet (London 55). In chapter seven, Buck and Thornton travels east to find a lost gold mine. It is here that Buck first enters the woods after feeling wild yearnings. He wanders in the wilderness with wolves and one day, he come back to his master’s camp to finds it attacked by Yeehat Indians. He attacks the assailants, killing some and dispersing the rest. The book closes with Buck going into the woods and joining the wolves in wandering the wilderness (London

Google's case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Google's case study - Essay Example The company gives permission to employees to spend 20% of their time to work on personal projects, which can lead to new ideas (Edelman & Eisenmann, 2011). The importance of given to innovation is partly due to the role it played in the birth and growth of Google. Second, teamwork and communication are also very important. According to the case study, employees are divided into small teams. Team members sit close to each other, which makes information sharing very easy. Finally, the philosophy of perfection is grounded in the company. A product has to be tested for a long time before being introduced to the market. Google’s culture has helped in fostering teamwork, inspiring creativity and facilitating quality products and services. The culture of teamwork has made it possible for employees to share information and discuss various issues. Effective communication and teamwork have contributed to the innovative nature of the Google workforce (Ogbor, 2009). The culture has created a workforce that believes in innovation. Google engineers are always working on something new. The culture explains the high number of products and services that are still being tested in the company before being released. Great compensation and benefits motivate programmers and other employees to work hard to achieve company goals and objectives. The potential drawbacks of Google’s culture is an increased competition among employees to the point it interferes with the quality of work. The other limitation of Google’s culture is the heavy costs incurred to maintain it. The hiring process can be too long, which can make talented individuals leave. The long hiring process can put the company at a disadvantage with its competitors (Yanadori & Marler, 2006). The founders of Google and CEO have played a significant role in the formulation of the company culture. The culture is based on the dreams of the two Google

Summary of book Call of The Wild Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Summary of book Call of The Wild - Essay Example In chapter four, Buck takes the pack’s leadership and he demonstrates his capability by making the pack travel faster than the previous leader had done. This is seen when he makes the pack travel from Dawson to Skaguay in one day instead of the ten days they had taken previously. The pack is sold to a Scotsman after Perrault and Francois receives official orders directing them to transfer elsewhere. They travel back to Dawson and one of the dogs dies from fatigue and illness (London 36). In chapter five, the dogs are sold to new masters, Hal and Charles who travel with Charles’ wife Mercedes. The inexperience of the pack’s new masters makes them starve and carry heavier loads than the ones it carried before. The pack reaches John Thornton’s camp and Thornton frees it from Hal’s mastership (London 46). In chapter six, Buck becomes friends with Thornton, defends him from his foes, and helps him win a bet (London 55). In chapter seven, Buck and Thornton travels east to find a lost gold mine. It is here that Buck first enters the woods after feeling wild yearnings. He wanders in the wilderness with wolves and one day, he come back to his master’s camp to finds it attacked by Yeehat Indians. He attacks the assailants, killing some and dispersing the rest. The book closes with Buck going into the woods and joining the wolves in wandering the wilderness (London

The Things They Carried Essay Example for Free

The Things They Carried Essay Every work of literature has a recurring theme. Whether it is about a love, guilt or a desire for revenge, every character comes across a struggle between their passion and responsibility. The Things They Carried features many characters that overcome conflicts. Jimmy cross struggles with his responsibility to his men as well as his love for a woman that does not love him back. Lieutenant Jimmy Cross is a young, carefree man who is still searching for his future. Without realizing what he was getting himself into, he applies for the Reserve Officers Training Corps at his college in New Jersey. Many of his friends knew he did not care about the war. Even Cross himself never gave it a second thought. He never thought he would actually go to war by taking the Reserve Officers Training Corps course. Later that year, he is drafted to the war as Lieutenant of several men under his charge, and he is unsure about everything he does. He had no desire to be a team leader, let alone lead a group of men into a blind war. Up until the day he was drafted, Jimmy Cross did not care for the war and what was happening. Being only a sophomore in college, he was still a young man with no experience when it came to war and being Lieutenant. As the war goes on, Cross begins to grasp that he is responsible for the safety of his own men. Although he did not want to be, he understood that someone had to be the leader. While they were all in Vietnam for the war, Jimmy Cross’ men find him day dreaming frequently. His mind was on Martha, a woman he fell in love with while attending college in New Jersey. Even he would find himself day dreaming about old memories of her and what his future would be like with Martha. Lieutenant Cross carried various reminders of his love for her. He would often read letters from her and gaze at her photographs she sent him. He knew she did not love him back like how he loved her. Cross wished things were different between the two of them. He wanted her to love him back but he knew that was too good to be true. When Ted Lavender died, Jimmy blamed himself. He felt guilty for not watching over his men at the time when they needed him the most. He should have saved Lavender but instead, his mind was filled with thoughts of Martha, a woman who gave no indication of ever loving him back. As a result, Lieutenant Jimmy Cross struggles to make the right decision for his men and burns all letters, photographs and memories of Martha. His struggle for Martha’s love kept him from protecting his men and he now holds guilt for Lavender’s death deep within. Lieutenant Jimmy Cross struggled throughout the novel frequently. He had conflicts with what he wanted from Martha, and his responsibility to his soldiers. In the end, Cross steps up and takes control of his situation. He becomes the leader that everyone expects him to be by giving up Martha and focusing on the war and his men. Lieutenant Jimmy Cross did what was right for his men to keep them safe from harm.

Leisure Time Activities For Overseas Students

Leisure Time Activities For Overseas Students Abstract The purpose of this study was to find out that leisure time activities have decreased among overseas students after coming to Australia and explored the hypothesis that leisure time activities has decreased among overseas students as compare to their home country. A survey was conducted on 50 students. Participants were selected randomly from the same course and a standard questionnaire was given to the participants. The questionnaires consist of 14 close ended questions. The results showed that overseas students engaged in leisure time activities on weekend in Australia. Where as in the home country they engaged in both. In addition to this, in Australia participants spend their most of time by doing outdoor activities and talking with friends. The result suggests that respondents do not have enough time to do their leisure time activities in Australia as compared to their home country. Universities should provide some activities to student on campus so that they can enjoy leisure a ctivities in college in their spare time. Introduction Leisure time is universal, something that every human being needs. It constitutes a period of free time that may be spent in any manner one chooses. Leisure time activities play a significant role in the daily life of students who have the heavy burden of study. By doing different types of leisure activities, like playing, reading, surfing the internet students achieve a feeling of well being and also gain more knowledge as well as having change in their life. For overseas students leisure time activities help them reduce stress and improve the relationships. Most people agree that leisure time activities hold an important role in student life.ABS (June 2011) showed that in 2011, more than 64% of Australian students aged 15 years and over are more interested in sport activity as it increase physical recreation and social interaction Moreover, Grahme and poyrazli (2007) researcher suggest that financial problems are experienced by majority of international student when they live in other country. In addition to this Barratt and Huba (1994) analysed that international students attempts to make friends and solve problem and improve communication. A lot of research has been conducted on leisure time activity. However, there are serious weaknesses in their results. Previous researcher ABS (2011) and Grahme and poyrazli (2007) have shown problem with Australian and international students they have not compared the what problem or activities has changed among students after they go to study overseas. In addition to this, overseas students face many problems like, language, eduction, and home sickness when they study in other countries. Moreover there was not a fixed aged group or sample for research to prove their hypothesis. The purpose of this study was to find why leisure activities have decreased among international students after coming to Australia and the hypothesis was the leisure time activities decrease among overseas student in Australia as compared to their home country. Methodology On Thursday 1st May 2014, a survey was conducted on 50 students. Who were enrolled in EAP 5 Academic English course at UWS College, Westmead campus. The survey took the form of questionnaire. This was devised and piloted in class with other students. Necessary questions were modified to produce the final version. The questionnaire consisted of 14 close ended questions. The first three were demographic questions where the respondent had to state gender, age and nationality. Whereas the rest of questions were related to time, place and different types of leisure time activities. The participants represented four different nationalities mostly from India. Male and female was participated but the majority were female. All ten EAP 5 classes went to the IELTS centre. Where seats were allocated according to class. Students started distributing their questionnaires EAP5H administrated their questionnaire to classes E, F, G and I and returned to their seats. The whole process lasted 1 hour. . At the end questionnaire was collected then data was collated and converted into percentages for use of further analysis. Results Figure 1 Figure 1 represents days in which participants engage in leisure activities. It is clear seen in Australia that most of students engage in leisure activities on the weekend. However, in home country most of respondents spend their time in weekdays and weekend. There were an equal proportion of participants that engaged during weekdays in their leisure activities in both countries. Thus, in Australia majority of participants engaged in weekend where as in home country they engaged in both days for leisure activities. Figure 2 Figure 2 illustrates the group with whom participants spend their leisure time. It is seen from the graph that in Australia majority of participants spend their leisure time with friends followed by family. On the other hand, in home country equal percentages of participants spend their leisure time with friends and family.5 % participants in Australia spend the leisure time alone as compare to home country. Overall, in home country friends and family is a best group for participants to spend their leisure time as compare to Australia. Figure 3 Figure 3 represents place used for leisure time activities. It is clear from graph that in Australia majority of participant used more outdoor activities and half of them preferred to do indoor activities. However, in home country most of respondent used indoor as well as outdoor activities in their leisure time. Hence, in home country majority of participant do indoor and outdoor activities in their leisure time as compare to Australia. Figure 4 Figure 4 illustrates time for leisure activities to students. It is seen that in Australia most of participants agree that they not have enough time for leisure activities in addition to this only 20% of participants have time to do leisure activities in contrast to that in home country majority of students have enough time for their leisure activities and only list of participants do not have time for leisure activities. Thus, in home country participants have enough time for leisure activities as compare to Australia. Discussion The aim of this research was to find why leisure time activities have decreased among overseas student. The hypothesis supported the study that leisure activities have decreased among international student after they come to Australia. A main finding was mostly consistent with study of Barratt and Huba (1994) they detected that international student attempts to make more friends. This could be because international student do not live with their family so they can express idea and views with friends and it help to solve them problems. A next significant finding was quietly similar with study of ABS (2011) they stated that in Australia student are preferred to do more outdoor activities then indoor .A likely reason for this is, that if they go out and do the activities it have to referees their mine and improve communication by communicating with other people. The finding supports the hypothesis. In the comparison of two countries surveyed. The respondents agreed that they do not have enough time to do leisure activities in Australia and they broadly engage in leisure activities on weekends. A possible reason for this, students have the burden of study and work in weekdays. Whereas in weekend students are free from all and they get more time to do their activities. A significant limitation in this research was that the questions are not well design. The sample size was too small to make generalization and all respondents are from the same college and course. Further studies should be carried out with large sample and survey conducted at different universities to investigate that leisure time activities has change among overseas student. The recommendation of study that universities should provide some different type of activities in campus so student can do in their spare time. Akanki Patel EAP5HPage 1

Witchcraft Essay -- European History, Middle Ages, Witches

Beginning in the Middle Ages and through the seventeenth centuries, an infiltration of witchcraft persevered throughout Europe. The witch craze resulted in the torture and persecution of witches. More than 100,000 of witches who were tried were centered in the area of southwestern Europe. The mass hysteria of witches was denounced because of their rejection of God and their pact with the devil, which resulted in harsh punishments and accusations. One reason for the persecution of witches was they were thought to be the cause of bad harvests, epidemics, natural disasters, and personal tragedies. Witches also had a part in the religious aspect of Europe. The witches were persecuted because of the lack of a main religion, which was significant to life during the Protestant and Catholic Reformations. At this time of the witch phenomena, Europe was in a state of instability and people in Europe looked to benefit from the persecution of witches in the form of goods and money. The persecuti on of individuals as witches in Europe was mainly a repercussion of economic circumstances, strong religious beliefs, and prejudices of the people. The economic scene at the time of the witch craze was very apparent during the period between 1480-1700. During this period Europe was in a state of instability, therefore money, and exploration was important to many. An eyewitness to persecutions, canon Linden of Trier, Germany states that people used the trials for economic enhancement. Linden wrote that the executioner made the most money and describes it â€Å"like a noble of the court†(Document A2). This is evidence that high ranked people or people in office were into the witch trials for their economic greed and desire for goods. Mayor of Bamberg, Germ... ...is high position in society drove the pandemonium around the witch craze. The Protestant and Catholic religions were major influences on the everyday life of people in Europe during the 16th century, and all believed in persecuted witches. During the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment, people began to realize that their superstition surrounding witches was ridiculous and when they used their reason over belief it didn’t make sense for witches to be a threat. In the late fifteenth through the seventeenth centuries it is evident that superstition and reason was pertained to the beliefs of influential people, resulting in the initial phase and final phase of the witch-hunt. The religious aspects, economic greed, and social stereotypes of the time influenced these beliefs. These three components led to the deaths of many so-called witches across Europe.

greek heros Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are often a number of characteristics that can be used to describe characters through out literature. The classic mythological hero may be described as having the tragic Greek heroic personality. The tragic Greek heroic personality contains characteristics such as excellence (arà ªte), pride (hubris), blind recklessness (ate), and disastrous retribution (nemesis). Though most mythological heroes contain these qualities, Sophocles developed his own heroic personality. The sophoclean tragic hero is â€Å"one whose rigid and courageous loyalty to particular principles invites a disastrous fate† (Antigone Pg.14). Creon acting a classical tragic as well as Antigone, a sophoclean tragic heroes, both personify their personalities through their actions.   Ã‚  ...

Is it valid to make distinctions between ‘high’ and’ low’ or ‘popular art? Essay

What purposes do these categories serve? At one time most people would have understood , when looking at apiece of art, whether to fit it into the category of high or low art. You looked at such things as the quality of the brushwork, the exactness of the representation. Then paint in tubes was invented the mid 19th century and the Impressionists were in the vanguard of almost instant art. They were rejected at first of course, but now seem to be highly acceptable when one considers the prices that might be paid for works by Renoir or Degas – however blurry the outlines. Is abstract art high art? It is a newer form of course and many are still making up their minds about such artists as Jackson Pollack. And where do you fit the works of modern artists such as Tracy Emin. Few would consider graffiti as art, but cities such as Philadelphia are legitimising the work of graffiti artists by spending public money to promote it. Emin’s unmade bed won the Turner prize. Whatever else it did it certainly did what the artist intended – it shocked. Contemporary art such as this draws huge crowds Perhaps the distinction should rather be between good and bad art, good being art that clearly displays whatever it was the artist intended and the bad that which does not. This division would not depend upon techniques used or the insurance value of a piece, but whether it achieves what it was meant to achieve i. e. whether or no the viewer sees what they were intended to see. Art will always provoke reaction. To judge it on grounds of being either ’high’ or low’ smacks somewhat of elitism – an attitude of ‘What we like is better than what you like’. Meanwhile many would just say ‘I know what I like ’ whether that be Gainsborough or Andy Warhol. Electronic Sources Art and the power to shock, Northern Echo, 25th February 2004 http://archive. thisisthenortheast. co. uk/2004/2/25/60621. html retrieved 28th October 2007 Philadelphia Mural Arts Program found at http://www. muralarts. org/about/ retrieved 28th October 2007/.

Bottlenecks: Theory of Constraints Essay

â€Å"A chain is only as strong as its weakest link† (Goldratt, 1984). Goldratt’s theory means organizations and processes are vulnerable because the weakest part or person can damage, break, or constrain them while affecting the outcome. In operations management, the solution is to pull materials through the system rather than push them into the system. By using the drum-buffer-rope methodology, components in a system can be identified helping to identify constraints and eventually break the constraint or find a solution. Bottlenecks: Goldratt’s Theory of Constraints helps identify bottlenecks in the process of fixing a flashlight and how to fix or break the constraints. Drum-Buffer-Rope Named for its three components, drum-buffer-rope is a manufacturing mythology execution. The physical constraint of the plant is the drum. The drum could be a machine or work center and limits the whole system to produce more. The drums are protected by buffers which always keep work flowing to it. Buffers are measured in units of time rather than the quantity produced. Buffers are usually placed at the constraint, shipping, and synchronization points. The work release mechanism for the plant is represented by rope. Orders are released before they are due at a certain buffer time. If the buffer is one week, the order is released one week before it is due at the constraint. The drum-buffer-rope mythology will be very useful to solve the problems in process of manufacturing and selling a flashlight. Constraints and Solutions According to â€Å"Theory of Constraints† (2013), â€Å"TOC is systemic and strives to identify constraints to system success and to effect the changes necessary to remove them† (Theory of Constraints). The drum would be the equipment used to manufacture the flashlights or even the employees that are putting them together. Continuously providing work to the system, the buffer could be a computer helping the employee keep track of what they are doing and helping to process their work. The rope represents the time flashlights are placed in stores ahead of time to help offset the time lost by the constraint. If an employee is at their limit of production, an additional employee could be hired to increase production. A machine could even be implemented into the process at the bottleneck to assist the employee or the employee could help the machine if it was the constraint. If the buffer is causing a bottleneck, its rate should be decreased. Placing orders in stores before they are to be put on the shelves could help offset the time it takes for merchandising and stocking the items. Conclusion Bottlenecks are inevitable in processes and organizations. A company needs to locate the bottlenecks in their process and break the constraint before it breaks or shuts the system down. Companies are only as strong as their weakest links and should solve the issues right away. Using Goldratt’s Theory of Constraints helps to identify and come up with a solution for the constraint. The drum-buffer-rope methodology also helps to identify constraints and is a useful execution to making a process more efficient.

Breaker Failure Detection Algorithms Research Paper

Breaker Failure Detection Algorithms - Research Paper Example The second part addresses issues worth consideration when applying Breaker Failure Protection and lastly, advances towards breaker Failure Protection. Using algorithms significantly enhance the numerical BF protection. Introduction Contingency analysis remains to be one of the great tasks that face protection engineers. The reason to this is due to the fact that a Protection Engineer has to focus on Murphy’s Law and Ohms Law concurrently. The design for PRS plays a key role in detecting any fault that happens on the power system and the possibilities of eruption of any fault in the protection system of the power system. When the protective relay system is order, the designers of the power system understand it but the condition changes when a failure is detected. Deriving solutions towards this failure is what makes a protection engineer proficient. The protection engineer can only succeed by understanding how operations of the system. The best approach that the engineer can ha ve is to have a proper understanding of each component of the system as well as their interaction and overlaps needed. The need for Breaker Failure Protection To successfully analyze this topic, the differences between fault detection devices and fault interruption devices should be understood. Any disturbances like faults are detected by protective relays. The protective relays works in either way, interfere with the fault current system or cuts off any connection to the power system. Systems that lack breaker failure detection fail to analyze detection and interruption failures. This is not the case for breaker failure detection. The redundant relay systems play the role of detecting fault in case of failure (IEEE 8). What to consider for Breaker Failure Protection Before considerations necessary for breaker failure detection, aspects of back up protection need to be focused. The aspects include speed, sensitivity and user friendliness together with maintenance required. Sensitivi ty The question considered under this aspect is on the reliability of remote relays in detecting faults in the power system. A difficulty arises when analyzing the conditions that lead to system failure. The hindering factor is the load encroachment. The radial system has limitations in the fault current and the circuit load. The source acts as a controlling factor thereby making this system simple. Complications arise for networked systems. The possibilities of the relays detecting failure past the remote bus is limited because of the in feed. To solve this issue, a remote backup through distance relays with applications in the adjacent zones seems appropriate. This leads to change in the reach setting of the in feed to long ones. Complexities arise when the zone three relays are relied on as a backup protection. When breaker failure protection and a normal back up are applied, the problem is solved (Daume, Jon 20). Speed Speed of the system in clearing faults that arise due to fai lure of the primary protection is vital. Over tripping of the system is prevented by the time taken by the relays in overlapping zones. The outcome to this process is for a remote back up to be set up after a reasonable delay. When breaker failure protection is used, tripping of back up circuit breakers is quickened. The set up speed of the system is guided by damage that is likely to be incurred on equipment, quality of power and its impact on its environs and stability. Incase